Degradation mechanism of sodium lactate: Under alkaline conditions, sodium lactate first undergoes ionization, and lactate ions dissociate from sodium lactate molecules to form free lactate anions and sodium ions. Mechanism explanation: Sodium lactate is a salt. In an alkaline environment, the stability of the ionic bonds in sodium lactate is disrupted by the hydroxide ions provided by alkaline substances, which weakens the binding force between lactate ions and sodium ions, leading to ionization.
2. The dissociated lactate ions will undergo hydration with water molecules in the solution, and water molecules will combine with lactate ions in the form of hydrogen bonds to form hydrated lactate ions. Mechanism explanation: Water molecules are polar molecules, with lactate ions carrying negative charges and hydrogen atoms of water molecules carrying partial positive charges. They form hydrogen bonds through electrostatic interactions, enveloping lactate ions with a layer of water molecules, forming hydrated ions.
3. Hydrated lactate ions undergo intramolecular rearrangement reactions at a certain temperature, where hydroxyl groups migrate with hydrogen atoms on adjacent carbon atoms to form an unstable intermediate. Mechanism explanation: Temperature provides the energy required for the reaction, causing the chemical bonds within the lactate ion molecule to break and recombine to a certain extent. The migration of hydroxyl and hydrogen atoms is to form a more stable electron distribution, but the intermediate formed is unstable due to the special structure.
4. The unstable intermediate rapidly reacts with hydrogen ions in the solution, and the hydrogen ions attack the positions with lower electron cloud density in the intermediate, causing changes such as ring opening or bond breaking in the intermediate. Mechanism explanation: Hydrogen ions have strong electrophilicity and will search for areas with low electron cloud density to attack. Due to the unstable structure of intermediates, there are some areas with uneven electron cloud distribution. The attack of hydrogen ions breaks the original chemical bonds of intermediates, triggering further reactions.
5. After the reaction, the product will further undergo oxidation reaction with oxygen molecules in the solution. Oxygen molecules form new chemical bonds with certain atoms in the product molecule, raising the oxidation state of the product. Mechanism explanation: Oxygen molecules have strong oxidizing properties, and there may be some reducing atoms or groups in the product molecules. Electron transfer occurs between oxygen molecules and these atoms or groups, forming new chemical bonds and changing the oxidation state of the product.

6. The oxidized product will undergo acid-base neutralization reaction with hydroxide ions in alkaline medium, generating corresponding salts and water. Mechanism explanation: The oxidized product may have acidic groups, while hydroxide ions have alkalinity. Proton transfer reactions occur between them, where acids lose protons and bases gain protons, resulting in the formation of salts and water.
7. The generated salt will undergo hydrolysis reaction in the solution, and the anions in the salt will react with water molecules to take away the hydrogen ions in the water molecules, thereby enhancing the alkalinity of the solution. Mechanism explanation: The anions in salt may be weak acid ions, which undergo proton exchange with water molecules, taking hydrogen ions from water molecules and generating corresponding weak acids and hydroxide ions, resulting in an increase in hydroxide ion concentration and alkalinity in the solution.
The weak acid produced by hydrolysis will undergo a decomposition reaction under certain conditions, breaking down into smaller molecules or ions. Mechanism explanation: Chemical bonds within weak acid molecules will break under certain temperature, pressure, and other conditions, forming more stable small molecules or ions to reduce the energy of the molecules.
9. The small molecules or ions produced by decomposition may undergo polymerization reactions, and they are interconnected through chemical bonds to form larger molecules. Mechanism explanation: Small molecules or ions have certain active groups, which can react with each other to form new chemical bonds, thereby connecting multiple small molecules or ions together to form polymers.
10. After polymerization, large molecules undergo thermal cracking reactions at high temperatures, and chemical bonds within the molecules break under the action of high-temperature energy, producing various small molecule products. Mechanism explanation: High temperature provides sufficient energy to intensify the vibration of chemical bonds within large molecules. When the energy exceeds the bond energy of the chemical bonds, the bonds will break, causing the large molecules to split into small molecules.
11. Some unsaturated compounds in small molecule products undergo addition reactions with free radicals in solution, which attack unsaturated bonds and form new chemical bonds. Mechanism explanation: Free radicals have unpaired electrons and high activity. Unsaturated bonds in unsaturated compounds have a high electron cloud density, and free radicals will attack unsaturated bonds, causing them to open and combine with free radicals to form new chemical bonds.
The product of the addition reaction will undergo a photochemical reaction under light conditions, absorbing the energy of photons and causing electrons within the molecule to transition to excited states, triggering a series of reactions. Mechanism explanation: Photons have a certain amount of energy. When molecules absorb photons, the electrons inside the molecule gain energy and transition to an excited state. The excited state molecules have higher energy and activity, and reactions such as chemical bond breaking and rearrangement occur.

13. The products of photochemical reactions may undergo complexation reactions with metal ions in solution, where certain atoms or groups in the product molecules form coordination bonds with the metal ions to form complexes. Mechanism explanation: Metal ions have empty orbitals, and some atoms or groups in the product molecule have lone pair electrons. Solitary pair electrons can fill the empty orbitals of the metal ion, forming coordination bonds and binding the product molecule with the metal ion to form complexes.
14. Complex compounds undergo dissociation reactions under certain pH conditions, and the coordination bonds in the complex are broken under the influence of pH changes, releasing metal ions and product molecules. Mechanism explanation: Changes in pH value can affect the concentration of hydrogen ions or hydroxide ions in the solution, which may react with the coordinating atoms or groups in the complex, thereby disrupting the stability of the coordination bond and causing dissociation of the complex.
15. The released product molecules may undergo further oxidation reactions with oxidants in the solution, which oxidize certain atoms in the product molecules to higher oxidation states. Mechanism explanation: Oxidants have strong oxidizing properties and can take electrons from product molecules, causing the oxidation state of certain atoms in the product molecules to increase and leading to oxidation reactions.
16. The oxidized product undergoes protonation under acidic conditions, where hydrogen ions combine with certain atoms in the product molecule to form positively charged ions. Mechanism explanation: Under acidic conditions, there are a large number of hydrogen ions in the solution, and some atoms in the product molecules have lone pair electrons, which can form coordination bonds with hydrogen ions, thus making the product molecules positively charged.
17. Protonated ions undergo intramolecular elimination reactions, eliminating a small molecule such as a water molecule and forming an unsaturated bond. Mechanism explanation: Protonated ion molecules have a certain tension, and by eliminating a small molecule, the energy of the molecule can be reduced while forming more stable unsaturated bonds.
The unsaturated bonds formed will undergo nucleophilic addition reactions with nucleophiles in the solution, which attack the unsaturated bonds and form new chemical bonds. Mechanism explanation: Nucleophilic reagents have strong nucleophilicity and can provide electron pairs. Unsaturated bonds have a high electron cloud density, but also have a certain degree of electron deficiency. Nucleophilic reagents will attack unsaturated bonds, causing them to open and combine with nucleophiles to form new chemical bonds.

19. The product of nucleophilic addition reaction will undergo intramolecular cyclization reaction under heating conditions, where certain atoms within the molecule form new chemical bonds to form a cyclic structure. Mechanism explanation: Heating provides the energy required for the reaction, allowing the atoms within the molecule to have sufficient mobility. Some atoms within the molecule can approach each other and form new chemical bonds, thereby forming a cyclic structure to reduce the energy of the molecule.
20. The product after cyclization may react with the base in the solution, which takes away the protons from the product molecules and causes them to carry a negative charge. Mechanism explanation: Alkali has strong alkalinity and can take protons from product molecules, causing them to lose a hydrogen ion and carry a negative charge.
21. The negatively charged product molecules will undergo ion exchange reactions with cations in the solution, and the cations will combine with the negatively charged product molecules to form new salts. Mechanism explanation: There is electrostatic attraction between cations and negatively charged product molecules, which attract and bind together to form new salts, achieving charge balance.
22. Newly formed salts will undergo a movement of dissolution equilibrium in a certain solvent, and salt molecules will continuously dissociate and recombine under the action of solvent molecules. Mechanism explanation: Solvent molecules have a certain polarity and can interact with salt molecules, breaking the ionic bonds in the salt molecules and causing them to dissociate into ions. At the same time, the dissociated ions will collide with each other and recombine into salt molecules, thus achieving dissolution equilibrium.
When the ion concentration in the solution changes, the dissolution equilibrium will shift. If the ion concentration exceeds the solubility product, precipitation will occur. Mechanism explanation: Solubility product is the product of ion concentrations in a saturated solution of insoluble electrolytes at a certain temperature. When the product of ion concentrations in the solution exceeds the solubility product, the solution is in a supersaturated state, and ions will combine with each other to form precipitates, reducing the ion concentration in the solution and bringing it to a saturated state.
24. The generated precipitate will undergo dissolution reaction under certain conditions, such as adding acid or other reagents. The acid will react with certain components in the precipitate, causing it to dissolve. Mechanism explanation: Hydrogen ions in acids can react with certain anions in the precipitate to produce weak acids or water, thereby reducing the concentration of anions in the precipitate and shifting the dissolution equilibrium towards dissolution, resulting in the dissolution of the precipitate.

25. The dissolved product may undergo redox reactions, causing changes in the oxidation state of certain atoms in the product molecules. Mechanism explanation: There may be oxidants or reducing agents in the solution, which can undergo electron transfer reactions with the dissolved product molecules, causing the oxidation states of certain atoms in the product molecules to increase or decrease.
The products of oxidation-reduction reactions will undergo complexation reactions with other substances in the solution, forming new complexes. Mechanism explanation: The product molecules after oxidation-reduction reaction may have some special structures or functional groups, which can form coordination bonds with metal ions or other substances with chelating ability in the solution, thus forming new complexes.
27. The new complex undergoes photolysis under light, absorbing the energy of photons and breaking the chemical bonds in the complex. Mechanism explanation: The energy of photons can cause electrons in the complex to transition to an excited state. The excited state of the complex molecule has higher energy, which can cause chemical bonds in the complex to break, leading to the decomposition of the complex.
After photolysis, the product undergoes condensation reaction under alkaline conditions, and the product molecules are connected to each other through dehydration and other means. Mechanism explanation: Under alkaline conditions, certain functional groups in the product molecules will react, such as hydroxyl groups that can form ether bonds through dehydration reactions, thereby connecting the product molecules and undergoing condensation reactions.
The products of the condensation reaction will undergo cracking reactions at high temperature and high pressure, breaking the chemical bonds within the molecules and generating small molecule products. Mechanism explanation: High temperature and high pressure provide sufficient energy to intensify the chemical bond vibrations within the product molecules after condensation reaction. When the energy exceeds the bond energy of the chemical bond, the chemical bond will break, causing the large molecule to split into small molecules.
30. Small molecule products will undergo a slow oxidation reaction with oxygen in the solution, gradually generating oxides. Mechanism explanation: Oxygen has oxidizing properties, and there may be some reducing atoms or groups in small molecule products. Oxygen will undergo slow electron transfer reactions with these atoms or groups, gradually oxidizing them into oxides.
31. The generated oxides undergo dissolution reactions in acidic solutions, and react with acids to form salts and water. Mechanism explanation: Hydrogen ions in acids can combine with oxygen ions in oxides to form water, while metal ions or other cations can combine with acid ions to form salts, thereby dissolving oxides.

The dissolved salt will undergo hydrolysis reaction in the solution, affecting the pH value of the solution. Mechanism explanation: Anions or cations in salt may undergo proton exchange reactions with water molecules, causing changes in the concentration of hydrogen ions or hydroxide ions in the solution, thereby affecting the pH value of the solution.
The product of hydrolysis reaction will undergo precipitation reaction with other substances in the solution, generating insoluble substances. Mechanism explanation: Chemical reactions may occur between the product molecules after hydrolysis reaction or with other ions in the solution, resulting in the formation of insoluble compounds and precipitation.
Under certain conditions, precipitation undergoes a transformation reaction, where one precipitate is transformed into another more insoluble precipitate. Mechanism explanation: When there is a dissolution equilibrium between two types of precipitates in a solution, if the solubility product of one precipitate is smaller than that of the other precipitate, precipitation transformation will occur, that is, the precipitate with higher solubility will gradually transform into the precipitate with lower solubility.
35. The transformed precipitate will undergo decomposition reactions upon heating, generating metal oxides and other gases. Mechanism explanation: Heating provides sufficient energy to break the chemical bonds within the precipitated molecules, decomposing them into metal oxides and other gases to reduce the energy of the molecules.
Metal oxides react with acids in solution to form salts and water. Mechanism explanation: Metal oxides have alkalinity, while acids have acidity. They undergo acid-base neutralization reactions, where oxygen ions in metal oxides combine with hydrogen ions in acids to form water, and metal ions combine with acid ions to form salts.
The generated salt will undergo ionization reaction in solution and dissociate into ions. Mechanism explanation: Salt is a compound composed of ionic bonds. In solution, the action of solvent molecules can break the ionic bonds in the salt, causing the salt to dissociate into ions.
38. The ionized ions will undergo a complex decomposition reaction with other ions in the solution, generating new compounds. Mechanism explanation: When there are two or more ions in a solution, ion exchange reactions may occur between them, generating new compounds such as insoluble substances, gases, or weak electrolytes.
New compounds undergo hydrolysis reactions under certain conditions, which affect the properties of the solution. Mechanism explanation: Some ions in the new compound may undergo proton exchange reactions with water molecules, causing changes in the concentration of hydrogen ions or hydroxide ions in the solution, thereby affecting the acidity and alkalinity of the solution.

The hydrolyzed product will undergo complexation reaction with metal ions in the solution, forming stable complexes. Mechanism explanation: The hydrolyzed product molecules may contain some atoms or groups that can provide lone pair electrons, and metal ions have empty orbitals that can form coordination bonds between them, thereby forming stable complexes.
41. Complex compounds undergo photoisomerization reactions under illumination, resulting in changes in the molecular structure. Mechanism explanation: Light provides energy, causing electrons in complex molecules to transition to excited states. Excited complex molecules have higher energy and undergo intramolecular rearrangement reactions, resulting in changes in the structure of the molecule.
The product of photoisomerization undergoes elimination reaction under alkaline conditions, eliminating a small molecule and forming an unsaturated bond. Mechanism explanation: Under alkaline conditions, certain atoms or functional groups in the product molecule will react to form more stable unsaturated bonds by eliminating a small molecule, such as hydrogen halides.
The unsaturated bonds formed will undergo addition reactions with halogens in the solution, producing halogenated compounds. Mechanism explanation: Halogens have strong electrophilicity, and unsaturated bonds have high electron cloud density. Halogens will attack unsaturated bonds, causing them to open and combine with halogen atoms to form halogenated compounds.
Under certain conditions, halogenated compounds undergo hydrolysis reactions to produce alcohols and hydrogen halides. Mechanism explanation: The halogen atoms in halogenated compounds have certain activity. In water or alkaline solutions, halogen atoms will be replaced by hydroxyl groups, generating alcohols and hydrogen halides.
45. The generated alcohol will undergo an oxidation reaction under the action of an oxidant, producing aldehydes or ketones. Mechanism explanation: Oxidants can take hydrogen atoms or electrons from alcohol molecules, causing them to undergo oxidation reactions. Depending on the structure of the alcohol, aldehydes or ketones may be generated.
Aldehydes or ketones can undergo condensation reactions with amines in solution to form imines. Mechanism explanation: The carbonyl group in aldehyde or ketone molecules has high activity and can react with the amino group in amine molecules to form imines through dehydration and other methods.
Under certain conditions, imines undergo hydrolysis reactions to regenerate aldehydes, ketones, and amines. Mechanism explanation: In water or acidic or alkaline solutions, the carbon nitrogen double bonds in imine molecules will break and react with water molecules to regenerate aldehydes, ketones, and amines.
48. The hydrolyzed product will undergo polymerization reaction when heated, forming polymer compounds. Mechanism explanation: Heating provides the energy required for the reaction, allowing the hydrolyzed product molecules to have sufficient activity. They can be connected to each other through chemical bonds to form polymer compounds.

Polymer compounds undergo degradation reactions under certain conditions, resulting in chain breakage and the formation of small molecule products. Mechanism explanation: Under high temperature, light, oxidation and other conditions, chemical bonds in the molecular chains of polymer compounds will break, causing the degradation of polymer compounds into small molecule products.